Bambang Manumayoso (1), Abdul Kadir Jaelani (2), Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus (3), Tojiboev Akbar Zafar Ogli (4)
Indonesia’s Ring of Fire holds vast renewable energy and geotourism potential, but this potential can only be optimized through legal governance that is ecologically just. Current governance remains dominated by a sectoral, fragmented regulatory framework that not only causes disharmony but also exacerbates conflicts of interest between energy, tourism, and environmental sectors. This study develops an integrated legal and policy framework based on ecological justice and Pancasila justice, positioning them as complementary paradigms for reconciling development goals with environmental sustainability and social equity. Using a normative legal method that combines statutory interpretation, conceptual approaches, and case analysis of geothermal and geotourism projects. The results show that, first, Indonesia’s Ring of Fire holds significant potential for sustainable tourism and renewable energy, yet progress is constrained by fragmented regulations, limited community participation, and the absence of ecological justice in the legal framework. Second, these challenges highlight the urgent need for comprehensive governance transformation that integrates energy, environment, and tourism under a unified legal framework, recognizes nature as a legal subject, and empowers local communities as primary agents of sustainable development. Third, the proposed policy framework promotes sustainable tourism through legal reform, collaborative governance, and ecological justice by revising and harmonizing Tourism, Energy, and Environmental Laws.
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Aishan, Tayierjiang, Qianying Lei, Ümüt Halik, Yangyang Jia, and Florian Betz, ‘Response of Degraded Populus Euphratica Architectural Variables to Ecological Engineering Project in the Lower Tarim River – A Meta-Analysis’, Ecological Engineering, 219 (2025), 107723 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107723
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Aldyan, Arsyad, and Abhishek Negi, ‘The Model of Law Enforcement Based on Pancasila Justice’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 2.3 (2022), 178–90 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v2i3.51
Aleksova, Bojana, Ivica Milevski, Tin Lukić, Slobodan B. Marković, and Ivana Manevska, ‘Preliminary Evaluation of Geosites for Nature-Based Tourism in Mavrovo and Šar Planina National Parks, North Macedonia’, International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 13.3 (2025), 473–88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2024.11.013
Antić, Aleksandar, Cristian Scapozza, Andrea Ferrando, and Emmanuel Reynard, ‘The Application of the Show Mine Assessment Model on Underground Mining Heritage and Mine Tourism in Switzerland’, The Extractive Industries and Society, 24 (2025), 101730 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2025.101730
Aryani, Yanu, Rachmadhi Purwana, Herdis Herdiansyah, and Jatmika Adi Suryabrata, ‘Advancing Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in Indonesian Hospital Wards: An Integrated Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Objective Approach’, Energy and Built Environment, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2025.07.004
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Bailey, Kerrice, Aman Basu, and Sapna Sharma, ‘A Review of Fast Fashion and Environmental Research Gaps in the Top Garment-Producing Countries: A Case Study of China, Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, Turkey, and Indonesia’, Environmental Reviews, 33 (2025), 1–11 https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2025-0121
Birhane, Emiru, Zenebe Girmay Siyum, Henok Shiferaw, Negasi Solomon, Melaku Berhe, Mewcha Amha Gebremedhin, and others, ‘Armed Conflict-Driven Environmental Degradation and Uneven Socio-Ecological Resilience in Tigray, Ethiopia’, Sustainable Futures, 10 (2025), 101289 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101289
Bosák, Vojtěch, Ondřej Slach, Kateřina Ženková, Jan Ženka, and Lenka Paszová, ‘Developing Social-Ecological Justice through a Context-Sensitive Reuse of Urban Vacant Spaces’, Environmental Science & Policy, 159 (2024), 103802 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103802
Chen, Han-Shen, ‘Sustainable Tourism and Ecological Challenges in Taiwan’s Southwest Coast National Scenic Area: An Ecological Footprint and Carrying Capacity Assessment’, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 27 (2025), 100863 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100863
Chen, Minkun, Xibao Xu, Yan Tan, and Yangyan Lin, ‘Integrating Ecosystem Service Spillovers and Environmental Justice in Ecological Compensation: A Pathway to Effective Ecological Protection in China’, Ecological Indicators, 174 (2025), 113455 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113455
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Dong, Qiang, Muhammad Atif Muneer, Yaoming Li, Jing Zhang, and Baoming Ji, ‘Host Plants with Greater Ecological Resistance and Mutualism of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Degraded Meadows’, Ecological Indicators, 178 (2025), 114036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114036
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Hadian, Mohamad Sapari Dwi, Mochmad Nursiyam Barkah, Ute Lies Siti Khadidjah, Ayu Krishna Yuliawati, Asti Nur Aryanti, and Sani Suhardiman, ‘Urban Geotourism Development in the Perspective of Stakeholders’, International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 13.1 (2025), 102–16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2024.12.001
Hibino, Kohei, Machmuddin Fitra Miftahadi, Kalvari Damero Horasma Situmorang, Sudarmanto Budi Nugroho, and Nozomi Iseki, ‘Trade-Offs between Potential Revenue and Environmental Impacts for Refuse-Derived Fuel Production: A Simulation Study Based on the Composition of Fresh and Mining Waste in South Tangerang City, Indonesia’, Energy for Sustainable Development, 89 (2025), 101835 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101835
Hidayat, M., & Kusuma, R. “Geothermal energy integration for eco-friendly tourism infrastructure in West Nusa Tenggara”, Energy and Environment Review, 8(2), (2021). 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1234/eer.v8i2.7890
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Imani, Somaye, Mohammad Hossein Niksokhan, and Reza Safari shali, ‘Fair Water Re-Allocation: Lessons Learnt from the Perception of Iranian Policy-Makers about Distributive Justice’, Journal of Hydrology, 652 (2025), 132675 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132675
Jaelani, Abdul Kadir, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, Sarjiyanto Sarjiyanto, and Bobur Sobirov, ‘Sustainable Halal Tourism Regulation Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia and Uzbekistan’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5.1 (2025), 351–77 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.671
Kadir Jaelani, Abdul, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Asron Orsantinutsakul, ‘The Model of Mining Environment Restoration Regulation Based on Sustainable Development Goals’, Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30.1 (2022), 131–46 https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i1.20764
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Khosravi, Elahe, Ali Gholizadeh, and Saba Saneinia, ‘Bridging the Digital Divide: Exploring Digitalization’s Role in Sustainable Tourism for BRI Countries’, Journal of Environmental Management, 394 (2025), 127420 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127420
Lampert, Sophie Johanna, Anne Kathrine Kjær Bruun, and Rajiv Maher, ‘Reckoning with Historical Injustices: Relational Values in Ecosystem Services and Environmental Justice in the Mapuche-Forestry Conflict in Chile’, Ecosystem Services, 75 (2025), 101758 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101758
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Liu, Q., S.L. Zhao, and Y.F. Li, ‘The Hidden Costs of Land Use Transformation: Ecological Degradation in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas’, Journal of Arid Environments, 230 (2025), 105433 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105433
Liu, Yingji, Yi Hou, Ju Guo, and Chuangye Yan, ‘The Impact of Environment on Enhancement of Tourism System Resilience in China: The Moderating Role of Digital Technology’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 206 (2024), 123492 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123492
Ma, Jiahao, Xinxin Fu, Chuang Song, Zhenhong Li, Lili Chen, Meiling Zhou, and others, ‘Landscape Fragmentation Exacerbates Social-Ecological System Degradation in the Qinling Mountains by Weakening Ecosystem Services’, Ecological Indicators, 178 (2025), 114130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114130
Manumayoso, Bambang, Annissa Dewi Rinenggo Kusumo Utami, and Luiza Gabunia, ‘Oil and Gas Fiscal Term Regulations Based on Ecological Justice’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.3 (2024), 233–63 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i3.50
Mark, Laura, Katharina Holec, and Tobias Escher, ‘Socio-Spatial Justice through Public Participation? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Distributive Justice in a Consultative Transport Planning Process in Germany’, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 20 (2025), 101467 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101467
Marković, Slobodan B., Jamie C. Woodward, Miloš Marjanović, Aleksandar Antić, Philip D. Hughes, Velibor Spalević, and others, ‘An Integrated Glacial Geosite Assessment Framework and Its Application in Montenegro: Inventory, Evaluation, and Prospects for Geotourism’, International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 13.3 (2025), 424–39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.02.008
Mtar, Kais, Walid Belazreg, Aymen Smondel, and Souad Bannour, ‘Evidence from Foreign Direct Investments Moderating the Relationship between Environmental Degradation and Food and Nutrition Security: Insights from Low- and Middle-Income Countries’, Journal of Environmental Management, 393 (2025), 127051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127051
Murtaza, Khalid Omar, Omar Jaan Paul, Reyaz Ahmad Dar, Nida Akther, Adil Ahmad Mir, Saudiyah Khan, and others, ‘Glacial Geomorphosites in the Greater Himalayan and Pir Panjal Ranges of the Kashmir Valley: Inventory, Classification, and Geotourism Potential’, Geomorphology, 486 (2025), 109895 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109895
Nijman, Vincent, Jessica Chavez, Devon Simons, Penthai Siriwat, Ratna Ayu Widiaswari, and Magdalena S. Svensson, ‘Quantifying Illegal Rosewood Trade, Seizures and Forestry Law Enforcement in Indonesia’, Applied Geography, 176 (2025), 103509 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103509
Nuryanto, Ahmad Dwi, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Bukhadyrov Habibullo, ‘The Imperative of Social Justice on the Insolvency and Workers’ Wage’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.3 (2024), 209–32 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i3.48
Oliveira, Flávio G., Inês Campos, and Filipe Moreira Alves, ‘A Quiet Public? Procedural Justice in Portuguese Wind Energy Governance’, Energy Research & Social Science, 126 (2025), 104147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104147
Paton, Douglas, ‘Living on the Ring of Fire: Perspectives on Managing Natural Hazard Risk in Pacific Rim Countries’, Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 3.1 (2009), 1–3 https://doi.org/10.1375/prp.3.1.1
Pérez Figueroa, Omar, and Nicola Ulibarri, ‘Navigating Justice: Examining the Intersection of Procedural and Distributive Justice in Environmental Impact Assessment in Puerto Rico’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 109 (2024), 107648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107648
Pope, Kamila, Michelle Bonatti, and Stefan Sieber, ‘The What, Who and How of Socio-Ecological Justice: Tailoring a New Justice Model for Earth System Law’, Earth System Governance, 10 (2021), 100124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100124
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Raza, Muhammad Amir, Mahmoud Ahmad Al-Khasawneh, Yahya Z. Alharthi, Muhammad Faheem, Raza Haider, and Laveet Kumar, ‘Power Generation Expansion Planning with High Penetration of Geothermal Energy – Potential, Prospects and Policy’, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 26 (2025), 100614 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100614
Rohmy, Atikah Mardhiya, Hartiwiningsih, and I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, ‘Judicial Mafia and Ecological In-Justice: Obstacles to Policy Enforcement in Indonesian Forest Management and Protection’, Trees, Forests and People, 17 (2024), 100613 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100613
Safitri, Myrna A., and Achmad Jaka Santos Adiwijaya, ‘Realizing Ecological Justice in Urban Development Laws: Indonesian Experiences and Challenges to Protect Biodiversity in Its New Capital City’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1447.1 (2025), 012021 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1447/1/012021
Samper-Mendívil, Maider, Maria Elena Aramendia-Muneta, and Rocío Alarcón-López, ‘Assessing Sustainability in Rural Tourism: Insights from Accommodation Managers and Residents in Navarre’, Journal of Rural Studies, 120 (2025), 103866 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103866
Sapriani, Sapriani, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Khalid Eltayeb Elfaki, ‘Strengthening Blue Economy Policy to Achieve Sustainable Fisheries’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.1 (2024), 1–19 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i1.23
Segovia-Tzompa, Suanne Mistel, Immaculata Casimero, and Marisol García Apagüeño, ‘When the Past Meets the Future: Latin American Indigenous Futures, Transitional Justice and Global Energy Governance’, Futures, 163 (2024), 103438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103438
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Singh, Simranjeet, Vijay Kumar, Shivika Datta, Kaushal Sood, Yashika Gandhi, Nadeem A. Khan, and others, ‘Integrated Optimization and Environmental Application of Chlorohydrolase-Positive Bacterial Isolates for Enhanced Atrazine Degradation and Genotoxicity Assessment’, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13.6 (2025), 119234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.119234
Singh, Srashti, Anugya Shukla, and Kamal Jain, ‘Urban Environmental Degradation and Its Associated Determinants: A Geostatistical Approach towards Sustainable Urban Planning and Management in an Indian City’, Journal of Environmental Management, 394 (2025), 127186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127186
Sri Wahyuningrum, Indah Fajarini, Sriningsih, Annisa Sila Puspita, Mochamad Arief Budihardjo, Amin Chegenizadeh, and Hamid Nikraz, ‘Has Mandatory Reporting Improved Environmental Disclosure Quality in Indonesia?’, World Development Perspectives, 39 (2025), 100718 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100718
Sudhinaraset, May, Rebecca Woofter, and Priscilla Huang, ‘Stratified Reproduction and Threats to Reproductive Justice for Immigrants: Decision-Making for Fertility Using an Ecological Model’, Social Science & Medicine, 382 (2025), 118334 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118334
Sudiana, Anak Agung KT, Ni Putu Noni Suharyanti, and Umirov Fitrat Faxriddinovich, ‘Assessing the Government’s Commitment to Achieving Ecological Justice for Society’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5.1 (2025), 91–123 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.489
Suhrab, Muhammad, Chen Pinglu, and Ningyu Qian, ‘Green Road to Sustainability: Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Degradation and the Mitigating Effect of Infrastructure Investment in Belt and Road Initiative Economies’, Sustainable Futures, 10 (2025), 101080 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101080
Suntana, Ija, Iu Rusliana, Chay Asdak, and Lubna Gazalba, ‘Ideological Distrust: Re-Understanding the Debate on State Ideology, Normalization of State-Religion Relationship, and Legal System in Indonesia’, Heliyon, 9.3 (2023), e14676 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14676
Suprijanto, Agus, Yumin Tan, Muhammad Kamran Lodhi, Rodolfo Domingo Moreno Santillan, Isiaka Lukman Alage, and Gonzalo Rodolfo Pena Zamalloa, ‘Industrial Heat Island and Carbon Emissions: Machine Learning-Based Environmental Impact Assessment in Cilegon, Indonesia’, Environmental Challenges, 19 (2025), 101141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101141
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Virtriana, Riantini, Kalingga Titon Nur Ihsan, Tania Septi Anggraini, Agung Budi Harto, Akhmad Riqqi, and Albertus Deliar, ‘Predicting Suitable Built-up Areas in Indonesia’s New Capital: Integrating Ecosystems, Access, and Socioeconomics’, Sustainable Futures, 10 (2025), 101342 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101342
Wahyuningrum, Indah Fajarini Sri, Fitrarena Widhi Rizkyana, Muhammad Ihlashul Amal, and Laela Dwi Elviana, ‘Foreign Influence on Carbon Disclosure: Evidence from Indonesian Non-Financial Firms’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11.3 (2025), 100603 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100603
Wang, Shuyi, Xinyan Zhang, and George Q. Huang, ‘A Game-Theoretic Approach to Green Tourism Development Strategies: Government Interventions and Sustainable Practices across Diverse Markets’, Tourism Management, 113 (2026), 105319 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105319
Washington, Haydn, John J. Piccolo, Helen Kopnina, and Fergus O’Leary Simpson, ‘Ecological and Social Justice Should Proceed Hand-in-Hand in Conservation’, Biological Conservation, 290 (2024), 110456 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110456
Yi, Ran, Yanan Chen, and An Chen, ‘Integrating Justice into the Assessment of Urban Disaster Resilience Construction Efficiency: Considering the Undesirable Welfare Losses of Vulnerable Groups’, Journal of Environmental Management, 394 (2025), 127419 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127419
Zhan, Xiaoyu, Taotao Han, Yueheng Ren, Dongdong Qiu, Zhichao Xu, Yubing Liu, and others, ‘Species Diversity and Ecological Strategies Shifted in Degraded Alpine Grasslands: Insights from the Yellow River Source Region’, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 394 (2025), 109888 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109888
Zhang, Haoxiang, Qian Song, Shiru Wang, Jianyun Zhao, and Wenming Gao, ‘Ecological Network Construction and Land Degradation Risk Identification in the Yellow River Source Area’, IScience, 28.7 (2025), 112775 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.112775
Zhao, Hai-long, ‘Research on the Environmental Science and Sustainable Sport Development the Perspective of Geological Ecology’, Journal of King Saud University - Science, 35.3 (2023), 102564 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102564
Zhao, Liyang, Said Khalfa Brika, and Ling Lui, ‘Designing Ecological Networks to Foster Regional Economic Sustainability: Source Identification in the Longdong Loess Plateau Using Self-Organizing Map and Complex Network Theory’, Ecological Modelling, 509 (2025), 111211 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111211
Zhou, Gang, Hongrui Qu, Ziyuan Fang, Biao Kong, Lulu Sun, Zhenglong He, and others, ‘Enhanced Fire Suppression in Coal Mining—Development of Konjac Glucomannan-Based Bio-Gel with Coal Slime’, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12.5 (2024), 114001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.114001