Muchamad Maskyur Alkhuseri (1), Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih (2), Muhammad Rustamaji (3)
Indonesia’s national stability and long-term development face serious threats from terrorism and radicalism. Despite introducing anti-terrorism laws and deradicalization programs, efforts mostly rely on repressive strategies. They often fail to address the ideological roots of the problem. This research aims to assess the need for reforming deradicalization policies within a framework of sustainable peace. Such a framework emphasizes the balance between security, social justice, and human rights. Using a juridical-normative and comparative policy approach, the research looks at Indonesia and Malaysia. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s deradicalization efforts are fragmented, lack inter-agency coordination, and lack a comprehensive, multidimensional foundation. In contrast, Malaysia offers a more cohesive model, characterized by institutional synergy and moderate religious education, achieved through partnerships with Islamic authorities. These findings underscore Indonesia’s need for reforms in deradicalization. Such reforms should integrate structural and psychological interventions, enhance institutional accountability, promote cross-sector collaboration, and encourage public engagement. Achieving sustainable peace against evolving radical threats requires human-centered, law-based approaches to promote long-term resilience and inclusivity.
Abdukarimova, Zauresh Turganbaevna, Aizhan Bauberikovna Bauberikova, and Serik Aitbekovich Umbetbayev, ‘Problems of Preventing Extremism and Terrorism Among Convicts in Institutions of The Penal Enforcement System of The Republic of Kazakhstan’, Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 4.79 (2024), 168–77 https://doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2024_79_4_168
Abu Bakar, Siti Zubaidah, and Mohd Mizan Aslam, ‘Ongoing IS Radical Ideology in Malaysia: Factors and Counter Strategies’, UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 6.3 (2019), 115–25 https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2019.6n3.362
Aisy, Rohadhatul, ‘Non-Penal Deradicalization of Former Terrorist Prisoners (Study at Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation)’, Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 2.2 (2021), 243–62 https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i2.46487
Al-Suwaidi, Noura Ahmed, and Haitham Nobanee, ‘Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Financing: A Survey of the Existing Literature and a Future Research Agenda’, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24.2 (2021), 396–426 https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-03-2020-0029
Andre Setiawan, Adji Rahmat, and Rachmat Dwi Putranto, ‘Perbandingan Regulasi Penanganan Kejahatan Terorisme di Indonesia dan Malaysia’, Journal Evidence Of Law, 2.2 (2023), 180–89 https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v2i2.421
Asdira, Yusril Arinaldy, ‘Analysis of Development of Deradicalization of Terrorist Prisoners in the Correctional Institutions in Indonesia’, Bisma The Journal of Counseling, 4.1 (2020), 48–56 https://doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v4i1.24231
Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, and Todd Sandler, ‘Voluntary Participation in a Terror Group and Counterterrorism Policy’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 215 (2023), 500–513 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2023.09.031
Barton, Greg, and Matteo Vergani, ‘Disengagement, Deradicalisation, and Rehabilitation’, 2022, pp. 63–82 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2032-4_3
Brown, Katherine E., ‘Gender, Governance, and Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) in the UK’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 72 (2023), 100371 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.100371
Budiono, Arief, Absori Absori, Kelik Wardiono, Wardah Yuspin, and Said Saidakhrarovich Gulyamov, ‘Cyber Indoctrination Victims in Indonesia and Uzbekistan: Victim Protection and Indoctrination in Practice’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3.3 (2023), 441–75 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i3.127
Cherney, Adrian, ‘Evaluating Interventions to Disengage Extremist Offenders: A Study of the Proactive Integrated Support Model (PRISM)’, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 12.1 (2020), 17–36 https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2018.1495661
Cuesta, Arturo, Javier González-Villa, Gemma Ortiz, and Daniel Alvear, ‘Anticipating Public Acceptance of Anti-Terrorism Technologies in Urban Spaces: Insights from Czech Republic, Greece, and Spain’, Safety Science, 189 (2025), 106888 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106888
Downey, Mitch, ‘Did the War on Terror Deter Ungoverned Spaces? Not in Africa’, Journal of Development Economics, 151 (2021), 102648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102648
Erick, John, ‘The Terrorist Experiences: Capturing Deradicalization and Counterterrorism in Indonesia’, Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security, 3.1 (2024) https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v3i1.78907
Franciscus Xaverius Wartoyo, Verlyn Adelaide Tzuriel Shillo, Stephanie Sigrid, and Jennifer The, ‘The Role of Legislative and Executive Institutions Based on the 1945 Constitution in Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)’, Jurnal Smart Hukum (JSH), 3.3 (2025), 265–77 https://doi.org/10.55299/jsh.v3i3.1330
Ghufran, Bushra, and Wolfgang Breuer, ‘Terrorism, National Security, and Takeover Performance’, International Review of Financial Analysis, 96 (2024), 103634 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103634
Giegerich, Thomas, ‘The Expanding Concepts of “Peace and Security” in International and European Law: Protecting Sustainable Peace and Human Life in Dignity’, Zeitschrift Für Europarechtliche Studien, 26.4 (2023), 539–89 https://doi.org/10.5771/1435-439X-2023-4-539
Glazzard, Andrew, ‘Violent Extremist Disengagement and Reintegration: A Framework for Planning, Design and Evaluation of Programmatic Interventions’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 48.4 (2025), 419–38 https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2098553
Gunawan, Yordan, Rian Ade Pangestu, Lista Arofa Hardiyanti, and Manuel Beltrán Genovés, ‘The Effectiveness of International Law in Limiting Humanitarian Disasters in the Palestine-Israel Conflict’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5.1 (2025), 217–45 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.307
H.Yusep Mulyana, ‘Criminal Law Policy on The Deradicalization of Criminal Acts of Terrorism’, LITERACY : International Scientific Journals of Social, Education, Humanities, 2.1 (2023), 244–54 https://doi.org/10.56910/literacy.v2i1.778
van der Heijden, Jeroen, ‘Regulatory Failure: A Review of the International Academic Literature’, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4050156
Henkin, Samuel, Marcus A. Boyd, and Adam Martin, ‘Southeast Asia after the Caliphate: Identifying Spatial Trends in Terrorism and Radicalization in Malaysia’, Statistics, Politics and Policy, 11.2 (2020), 139–65 https://doi.org/10.1515/spp-2020-0001
Horgan, John, Deradicalization Programs: Recommendations for Policy and Practice, 18 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.18.vedr
Hu, Wei, Yue Shan, Yun Deng, Ningning Fu, Jian Duan, Haining Jiang, and others, ‘Geopolitical Risk Evolution and Obstacle Factors of Countries along the Belt and Road and Its Types Classification’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20.2 (2023), 1618 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021618
Indrawan, Jerry, and M. Prakoso Aji, ‘The Effectiveness of National Agency for Combating Terrorism’s Deradicalization Program Toward Terror Convicts In Indonesia’, Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, 9.2 (2019), 1 https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v9i2.571
Jaelani, Abdul Kadir, and Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, ‘The Interests and the Conflict Vortex in Wadas Village: A Karl Marx Perspective’, 2024, pp. 42–48 https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-315-3_8
Khan, Hashmat Ullah, ‘An Analytical Investigation of Consequences of Terrorism in the Middle East’, Journal of Economic Criminology, 4 (2024), 100067 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100067
Kristiyanto, Hasto, Satya Arinanto, and Hanief Saha Ghafur, ‘Institutionalization and Party Resilience in Indonesian Electoral Democracy’, Heliyon, 9.12 (2023), e22919 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22919
Kurniawan, Andi, and Abdul Malik Fajar Darwis, ‘Rehabilitasi Napi Teroris Melalui Program Deradikalisasi’, AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5.1 (2023), 851–58 https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.3013
Mafazi, Agung, Hery Lilik Sudarmanto, Satriyani Cahyo Widayati, and Fauziah Hanum, ‘Prevention of Terrorism with a Regulatory Model of Violent-Based Extremism That Leads to Terrorism’, Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 14.2 (2023), 126–33 https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v14i2.10814
Masyhar, Ali, and Silaas Oghenemaro Emovwodo, ‘Techno-Prevention in Counterterrorism: Between Countering Crime and Human Rights Protection’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3.3 (2023), 625–55 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i3.176
Mat Rus, Mukhriz, ‘Malaysia’s Counter-Terrorism Policy: Shifting From The Executive-Based to The Criminal Justice Approach?’, UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 13.No.1 (2022), 409–29 https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2022.13.1.16
Muhammad, Ali, and Eric Hiariej, ‘Deradicalization Program in Indonesia Radicalizing the Radicals’, ed. by John Kwame Boateng, Cogent Social Sciences, 7.1 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905219
Mujib, Syahrir, and Mhd Halkis, ‘Upaya Pemerintah Malaysia Menanggulangi Masalah Terorisme’, Sospol, 8.2 (2022), 225–40 https://doi.org/10.22219/jurnalsospol.v8i2.22549
Nakissa, Aria, ‘Security, Islam, and Indonesia’, Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 176.2–3 (2020), 203–39 https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10004
Nduka, Buno (Okenyebuno) Emmanuel, and Giwa Sechap, ‘Refocusing Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions on the Path of Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Compliance’, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24.4 (2021), 693–711 https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2020-0125
Nefliasheva, Naima A., ‘The Program of Deradicalization of Islamists “Operation Safe Corridor” in Nigeria: Evaluation by Contemporary African Scholars’, Asia and Africa Today, 9, 2023, 36 https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750027599-0
Ogunnubi, Olusola, and Uchenna A. Aja, ‘The De-Radicalization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration Project in Nigeria’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Operation Safe Corridor in Context’, African Identities, 22.3 (2024), 811–27 https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2022.2125365
Opacin, Nerkez, and Sabina Čehajić-Clancy, ‘The Potential of Peacebuilding Education Interventions in Societies Facing the Risk of Extreme Ideological Shifts’, International Journal of Educational Development, 113 (2025), 103208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103208
Oswald Spring, Úrsula, ‘Sustainable Development and Peace’, 2019, pp. 296–323 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94712-9_12
Othman, Noraini, Mohd Sharazad Saiful Bahri, Hazliana Yahaya, and Augustine Leonard Jen, ‘Terrorism & The Overview on Impacts Towards Government Policies in Malaysia, The United States and The United Kingdom’, Journal of the Malaysian Parliament, 3 (2023), 194–219 https://doi.org/10.54313/journalmp.v3i.101
Prahassacitta, V, ‘Defining Online Hate Speech under Indonesia Legal System: Implication For Sustainable of Justice’, in Proceedings of the Proceedings of The 1st Workshop Multimedia Education, Learning, Assessment and Its Implementation in Game and Gamification, Medan Indonesia, 26th January 2019, WOMELA-GG (EAI, 2019) https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-1-2019.2283212
Purnomo, Agus, and Kardi Kardi, ‘Implementasi Undang-Undang No 5 Tahun 2018 Tentang Terorisme Melalui Penguatan Moderasi Beragama’, Justicia Islamica, 20.1 (2023), 59–78 https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v20i1.6338
Putra, Idhamsyah Eka, Vici Sofianna Putera, Elvira Rumkabu, Risma Jayanti, Achmad Robbi Fathoni, and Dominica Junita Caroline, ‘“I Am Indonesian, Am I?”: Papuans’ Psychological and Identity Dynamics about Indonesia’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 99 (2024), 101935 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101935
Rachmawati, Fairus Augustina, ‘Bring Back Terrorist into the Society: How Indonesia Deradicalize the Terrorist’, Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review, 2.1 (2022), 57–86 https://doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v2i1.53480
Rahman, Abdul, and Misbahul Huda, ‘Application Of Counterterrorism In Eradicating Criminal Acts Of Terrorism Into Indonesian Positive Legislation’, LITERATUS, 6.2 (2024), 553–60 https://doi.org/10.37010/lit.v6i2.1711
Ramadlani, Muhammad Tsalis, and Ainur Rhain, ‘Recontextualizing the Interpretation of the Word “Kafir” in Surat Al-Maidah Verse 44 for Sustainable Peace in Indonesia’, Proceeding ISETH (International Summit on Science, Technology, and Humanity), 2024, 2230–37 https://doi.org/10.23917/iseth.4646
Ratnaningsih, E, and E Herawati, ‘Encouraging the Establishment of Legal Clinics in Broadening Access to Justice for the Poor’, in Proceedings of the Proceedings of The 1st Workshop Multimedia Education, Learning, Assessment and Its Implementation in Game and Gamification, Medan Indonesia, 26th January 2019, WOMELA-GG (EAI, 2019) https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-1-2019.2283276
Rizwan, Muhammad, Sara Batool, and Sarmad Ali Khan, ‘De-Radicalization Programs in Muslim Countries: A Critical Analysis’, Global International Relations Review, IV.IV (2021), 9–20 https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).02
Robet, Robertus, Rusfadia Saktiyanti Jahja, Meila Riskia Fitri, and Abdul Rahman Hamid, ‘Requisites of Deradicalisation: Study on the De-Ideologisation of Indonesian Ex-Terrorists’, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 6.5 (2024), 53–64 https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2024.4.5.8
Saha, Bhaskar, ‘Evaluating the Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Programs: Analyzing Various De-Radicalization and Rehabilitation Programs, Focusing on Their Effectiveness, Challenges, and Long-Term Impacts on Reducing Terrorism’, 2025 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5062801
Saidin, Mohd Irwan Syazli, and Kartini Aboo Talib Khalid, ‘Combating Daesh: Insights into Malaysia’s Counter-Terrorism Experience and the Deradicalisation of Former Detainees’, Religions, 14.3 (2023), 367 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14030367
Sapriani, Sapriani, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Khalid Eltayeb Elfaki, ‘Strengthening Blue Economy Policy to Achieve Sustainable Fisheries’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.1 (2024), 1–19 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i1.23
Shodiq, Moh. Djafar, and Moh. Ismed, ‘Deradikalisasi Penanganan Terorisme Secara Terintegrasi Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Legalitas, 15.2 (2021), 59–64
Sigit Kamseno, ‘Analisis Perbandingan Sistem Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia Dengan Malaysia Terhadap Kejahatan Tindak Pidana Korupsi’, Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Politik Dan Hukum Indonesia, 1.1 (2024), 01–23 https://doi.org/10.62383/amandemen.v1i1.518
‘Sigurnosno-Razvojni Neksus: Održivi Razvoj Kao Prevencija Oružanog Konflikta i Putokaz Ka Pozitivnom Miru’, Sarajevski Žurnal Za Društvena Pitanja, 13.1–2 (2024), 87–107 https://doi.org/10.58527/2303-4033.2024.13.1-2.87
Sipayung, Aswin, SUMARTONO Prof, Choirul Soleh, Siti Rochmah, and Mochammad Rozikin, ‘Dynamics Implementation of De-Radicalism Policy to Prevent Terrorism in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review’, Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11.9 (2023), e772 https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i9.772
Subagyo, Agus, ‘The Implementation of the Pentahelix Model for the Terrorism Deradicalization Program in Indonesia’, ed. by Greg Simons, Cogent Social Sciences, 7.1 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1964720
Sukabdi, Zora A., ‘Bridging the Gap: Contributions of Academics and National Security Practitioners to Counterterrorism in Indonesia’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 65 (2021), 100467 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2021.100467
Sumarwoto, Mahmutarrom, and Ifranic, ‘Deradicalisation to Combat Terrorism: Indonesia and Thailand Cases’, Sriwijaya Law Review, 4.2 (2020), 249–60 https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol4.Iss2. 232.pp249-260
Suntoro, Agus, ‘Penerapan Asas Dan Norma Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme (The Application of Human Rights Principles and Norm in the Law on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism)’, Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Dan Kesejahteraan, 11.1 (2020) https://doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v11i1.1371
Supandi, Asep, and Muhamad Syauqillah, ‘Hendro Fernando’s Communication Patterns in The Deradicalization Programs: A Science Perspective Analysis’, Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11.2 (2025), 708–18 https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i2.10108
Suratman, Yosua Praditya, ‘The Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Program in Southeast Asia: Does It Work? The Case of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore’, JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies), 5.2 (2018), 135 https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v5i2.4302
Syamsurrijal, M, Achmad Nurmandi, Hasse Jubba, Mega Hidayati, and Bambang Hariyanto, ‘De-Radicalization through Social Media: Social Media Literacy in Countering Terrorism in Indonesia’, Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 9.1 (2024), 1–12 https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v9i1.16788
Szczepaniak, Małgorzata, Andrzej Geise, and Nurul Bariyah, ‘Impact of Institutional Determinants on Income Inequalities in Indonesia during the Era Reformasi’, Journal of Asian Economics, 82 (2022), 101526 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101526
Taba, Tegar Aria, and Iman Santoso, ‘Dynamics of Legal Policy on Radicalization and Deradicalization of Terrorism Prisoners’, Journal of Social Research, 3.8 (2024) https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v3i8.2212
Thohir, Ajid, Dedi Supriadi, Mulyana, Faizal Arifin, and Muhammad Andi Septiadi, ‘The Struggle of Freemasonry and Islamic Ideology in the Twentieth Century during Colonialization in Indonesia’, Heliyon, 7.10 (2021), e08237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08237
Tri Utami, Nurani Ajeng, Agus Raharjo, Kuat Puji Prayitno, Setya Wahyudi, Rahadi Wasi Bintoro, and NoorFajri Ismail, ‘Evaluation of Legal Aid Service Quality and Supervision in Indonesia and Malaysia’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5.1 (2025), 187–216 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.502
Ulyana, Yaza Azzahara, and Ahmad Riyansyah, ‘De-Radicalization Program: The Case Study of Indonesia’, International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development, 2.2 (2021), 78–88 https://doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v2i2.130
Wahab, Abdul Jamil, Azwar Aswin, Fakhruddin M., and Siti Atieqoh, ‘Deradicalization Programs in Indonesia: Perspectives of Former Terrorist Convicts’, QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 12.1 (2024), 75 https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v12i1.22931
Wan Mohd Nor, Murni, and Ahmad El-Muhammady, ‘Radicalisation and Paramilitary Culture: The Case of Wanndy’s Telegram Groups in Malaysia’, in Militarization and the Global Rise of Paramilitary Culture (Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021), pp. 95–122 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5588-3_6
Wedha, Yogi Yasa, I Made Hendra wijaya, Hudali Mukti, and Arida Turymshayeva, ‘Unraveling the Complex Policies Regulating Conflicts of Interest and Criminal Corruption’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5.1 (2025), 33–59 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.486
Wuli, Rofinus Neto, Muchlis R Luddin, and Thomas Suyatno, ‘Conflict Resolution Towards a Sustainable Peace: A Lesson from The Indonesian Military Ordinariate’, International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9.3 (2019), 341 https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i3.15274
Zaenuddin, Muhammad, ‘Collaboration Strategy in The Penta-Helix Concept: Deradicalization Program for Terrorist Separatism Groups in Papua’, Journal of Terrorism Studies, 4.1 (2022) https://doi.org/10.7454/jts.v4i1.1045
Zhang, Meng, Mingyuan Feng, Xiang Li, Qian-You Wang, and Qinglang Ma, ‘Metal-Organic Frameworks-Promoted Detection of Hazardous Chemicals for Anti-Terrorism Application’, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 172 (2024), 117558 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2024.117558
Zulfahmi, and Dina Dwi Anggraini, ‘Pengaturan Anti-Terorisme Dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia Dan Hukum Pidana Islam: Suatu Studi Perbandingan’, Muqaranah, 8.2 (2024), 79–96 https://doi.org/10.19109/41e2km10
Zulfahri, Yudi, and Aldi Nur Fadil Auliya, ‘Ideological Parameters for Deradicalization Programs to Measure Changes in Terrorist Ideology in Indonesia’, Journal of Terrorism Studies, 5.2 (2023) https://doi.org/10.7454/jts.v5i2.1066