Akbar Zafar Ogli Tojiboev (1), Kambariddin Miradxamovich Mekhmonov (2), Sokhiba Fazilovna Inoyatova (3), Dilorom Khaitbayevna Rakhimova (4), Farrukha Fakhriddinovna Mukhitdinova (5)
The development of the digital economy has generated new forms of entrepreneurship, innovative business models, and investment mechanisms closely associated with startup activities. Despite the growing importance of startups in driving innovation and economic growth, their development in Uzbekistan has not been supported by an adequate regulatory framework capable of ensuring legal certainty and fostering a sustainable startup ecosystem. Therefore, research on startup regulatory reform is necessary to support sustainable economic development. This study aims to, first, identify the legal issues and regulatory challenges affecting startups in Uzbekistan; second, analyze the ideal startup regulatory model in the United States as a comparative reference; and third, formulate startup regulatory reforms to promote sustainable economic development. This research uses a normative legal research method using statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that first, the principal challenge facing startup development in Uzbekistan is the lack of a comprehensive and integrated legal framework specifically governing startups, resulting in legal uncertainty and limiting ecosystem growth. Second, the experience of the United States demonstrates that a successful startup ecosystem depends on adaptive and innovation-oriented regulations that facilitate access to funding, provide effective legal protection, and encourage digital economic activities. Third, startup regulatory reform in Uzbekistan should be pursued through the enactment of a Startup Act, harmonization of startup-related regulations within the national legal system, simplification of bureaucratic procedures, and strengthening institutional support through startup incubators involving legal and financial experts. These measures are expected to enhance legal certainty, attract investment, stimulate innovation, and promote sustainable digital economic development in Uzbekistan.
Adegbile, Abiodun Samuel, Sadrac Cenophat and Tahiru Azaaviele Liedong, ‘From Informal to Formal: Does Formal Enterprises’ Prior Experience in the Informal Sector Drive Their Adoption of Bricolage?’, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503251355464
Ahn, Seungku, Kwon-Sik Kim and Kwang-Hoon Lee, ‘Technological Capabilities, Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Technology-Based Start-Ups: The Resource-Based View’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8 (2022), 156 https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030156
Akbar, Adi, Desi Kumalasari, Rizal Alamsyah Hadi Saputra, Yekti Mahardika and Uktamjon Zarifjon ugli Tukhtaev, ‘Proliferation of Policies on Notarial Supervisory Institutions Based on Justice’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5 (2025), 833–64 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i3.789
Al-Mamary, Yaser Hasan and Abdulhamid F Alshammari, ‘A Conceptual Model and Its Implications: Identifying Key Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Activity and Innovation Capabilities for Sustainable Development and Green Innovation’, World Development Sustainability, 7 (2025), 100259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2025.100259
Balbaa, Muhammad Eid, Maaz Ahmad, Nilufar Ismailova, Durdonakhon Bakhodirova, Kobiljon Isaev and Shaxzoda Nazirova, ‘Innovation-Driven Economic Growth and Technological Progress: A Path to Sustained Development in Uzbekistan’, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Future Networks and Distributed Systems (New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2025), pp. 1108–19 https://doi.org/10.1145/3789692.3789834
Bańka, Michał, Mariusz Salwin, Roman Tylżanowski, Ireneusz Miciuła, Monika Sychowicz, Norbert Chmiel, and others, ‘Start-Up Accelerators and Their Impact on Entrepreneurship and Social Responsibility of the Manager’, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 8892 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118892
Becker, Sebastian D and Christoph Endenich, ‘Entrepreneurial Ecosystems as Amplifiers of the Lean Startup Philosophy: Management Control Practices in Earliest‐Stage Startups*’, Contemporary Accounting Research, 40 (2023), 624–67 https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12806
Beltrán-Urvina, Ligia Isabel, Byron Fabricio Acosta-Andino, Monica Cecilia Gallegos-Varela and Henry Marcelo Vallejos-Orbe, ‘Intellectual Property as a Strategy for Business Development’, Laws, 14 (2025), 18 https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14020018
Berman, Alexander, Marcelo Cano-Kollmann and Ram Mudambi, ‘Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Fintech in the Financial Services Industry’, Review of Managerial Science, 16 (2022), 45–64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00435-8
Berniak-Woźny, Justyna, Piotr Sliż and Jędrzej Siciński, ‘Empowering Smart Cities Through Start-Ups: A Sustainability Framework for Incubator-City Collaboration’, Systems, 13 (2025), 219 https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13040219
Bhatt, Nityesh, Punit Saurabh and Ritesh Kumar Verma, ‘Technology Startup Ecosystem in India’, International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 27 (2022), 413 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2022.122491
Camilleri, Mark Anthony and Stefano Bresciani, ‘Crowdfunding Small Businesses and Startups: A Systematic Review, an Appraisal of Theoretical Insights and Future Research Directions’, European Journal of Innovation Management, 27 (2024), 2183–2209 https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-02-2022-0060
Chen, Chunlian, Babar Nawaz Abbasi and Ali Sohail, ‘Scientific Research of Innovation Ability of Universities in the United States of America and China’, Sustainability, 14 (2022), 14586 https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114586
Chen, Mengxi, Liang Guo and Xu Niu, ‘Aftermarket Performance of Emerging Growth Companies: The Long‐term Effects of the JOBS Act and the Role of Institutional Investors’, International Review of Finance, 25 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1111/irfi.70024
Chen, Peng, Zhenjun Yan and Pengfei Wang, ‘How Can the Digital Economy Boost the Performance of Entrepreneurs? A Large Sample of Evidence from China’s Business Incubators’, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 5789 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075789
Clim (Moga), Loredana Maria, Diana Andreea Mândricel and Ionica Oncioiu, ‘Sustainable Financial Markets in the Digital Era: FinTech, Crowdfunding and ESG-Driven Market Efficiency in the UK’, Sustainability, 18 (2026), 973 https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020973
Collins, Neil, Gulzhanat Gafu, Aipara Berekeyeva and Zakir Jumakulov, ‘New Regime, New Policies: Research Ethics Development – a Case Study of Uzbekistan’, Central Asian Survey, 41 (2022), 596–609 https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2022.2058914
Crnogaj, Katja and Matej Rus, ‘From Start to Scale: Navigating Innovation, Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, and Strategic Evolution’, Administrative Sciences, 13 (2023), 254 https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13120254
Cumming, Douglas, Sofia Johan and Robert Reardon, ‘Global Fintech Trends and Their Impact on International Business: A Review’, Multinational Business Review, 31 (2023), 413–36 https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-05-2023-0077
Daniyarov, Kuatbay, Sarsengaliy Bayzhanov, Ziyna Baymuratova and Abatbay Zhuzbaev, ‘Financial Support for Business Subjects in the Innovative Development of the Uzbek Economy’, ed. by D.V. Rudoy, A.V. Olshevskaya, E.N. Ponomareva, and M.Yu. Odabashyan, E3S Web of Conferences, 381 (2023), 01002 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101002
Danladi, Sagir, MS V. Prasad, Umar Muhammad Modibbo, Seyedeh Asra Ahmadi and Peiman Ghasemi, ‘Attaining Sustainable Development Goals through Financial Inclusion: Exploring Collaborative Approaches to Fintech Adoption in Developing Economies’, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 13039 https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713039
Dzhulaeva, Almazhan, Aimankul Yerezhepova, Tatyana Sokira, Biken Nurmanova and Guliya Ilyashova, ‘Comparative Analysis of the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and Central Asian Countries’, Asian Journal of Political Science, 2025, 1–27 https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2025.2602430
Etzkowitz, Henry, ‘Entrepreneurial University Icon: Stanford and Silicon Valley as Innovation and Natural Ecosystem’, Industry and Higher Education, 36 (2022), 361–80 https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221109504
Farhad, Mohsin Ali, ‘Consumer Data Protection Laws and Their Impact on Business Models in the Tech Industry’, Telecommunications Policy, 48 (2024), 102836 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102836
Fasi, Mohammed Abdul, ‘An Overview on Patenting Trends and Technology Commercialization Practices in the University Technology Transfer Offices in USA and China’, World Patent Information, 68 (2022), 102097 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2022.102097
Felicetti, Alberto Michele, Salvatore Ammirato, Roberto Linzalone and Ivana Quinto, ‘A Conceptual Framework for Asymmetric Collaborations between Startups and Big Corporations in Digital Innovation Ecosystems’, European Journal of Innovation Management, 29 (2026), 525–57 https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2025-0022
Flanschger, Andreas, Rafael Heinzelmann and Martin Messner, ‘Between Consultation and Control: How Incubators Perform a Governance Function for Entrepreneurial Firms’, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 36 (2023), 86–107 https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-09-2020-4950
Flechas, Ximena Alejandra, Carlos Kazunari Takahashi and Júlio César Bastos de Figueiredo, ‘The Triple Helix and the Quality of the Startup Ecosystem: A Global View’, Revista de Gestão, 30 (2023), 238–52 https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-04-2021-0077
Font-Cot, Francesc, Pablo Lara-Navarra and Enric Serradell-Lopez, ‘Digital Transformation Policies to Develop an Effective Startup Ecosystem: The Case of Barcelona’, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 17 (2023), 344–55 https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-01-2023-0006
Friedl, Clemens, Paul Matthyssens and Wouter Van Bockhaven, ‘Unleashing Digital Servitization and Service Innovation: How Decision-Making Logics and Organizational Learning Enable Coping with Implementation Process Complexities’, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-05-2024-0238
Fromhold-Eisebith, Martina, ‘How Can a Regional Innovation System Meet Circular Economy Challenges? Conceptualization and Empirical Insights from Germany’, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17 (2024), 637–48 https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae024
González M, Marcos Antonio, Orestis Terzidis, Phillip Lütz and Benedict Heblich, ‘Critical Decisions at the Early Stage of Start-Ups: A Systematic Literature Review’, Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13 (2024), 83 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00438-9
Gupta, Prateek, Shivansh Singh, Renu Ghosh, Sanjeev Kumar and Chirag Jain, ‘Regulatory Framework on Governing Equity Crowdfunding: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Directions’, Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 32 (2024), 421–44 https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-10-2023-0160
Hadizadeh, Morteza, Javad Ghaffari Feyzabadi, Zahra Fardi, Seyed Morteza Mortazavi, Vitor Braga and Aidin Salamzadeh, ‘Digital Platforms as a Fertile Ground for the Economic Sustainability of Startups: Assaying Scenarios, Actions, Plans, and Players’, Sustainability, 16 (2024), 7139 https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167139
Haq, Ihtisham ul, Jamshid Pardaev, Piratdin Allayarov and Shahid Munir, ‘The Impact of Financial Innovation and Infrastructure on Inbound Tourism in Central Asia’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10 (2024), 100175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100175
Hokmabadi, Hamed, Seyed MHS Rezvani and Celso Augusto de Matos, ‘Business Resilience for Small and Medium Enterprises and Startups by Digital Transformation and the Role of Marketing Capabilities—A Systematic Review’, Systems, 12 (2024), 220 https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12060220
Hyun, Sangbaek, ‘China’s Startup Ecosystem Policy’, World Economy Brief, 10 (2020) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3889160
Joseph, George, Nimitha Aboobaker and Zakkariya K.A., ‘Entrepreneurial Cognition and Premature Scaling of Startups: A Qualitative Analysis of Determinants of Start-up Failures’, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15 (2023), 96–112 https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2020-0412
Khursanaliyev, Boburmirzo, Madina Azamaliyeva and Abboskhon Yusupov, ‘Institutional Ecosystems and Inclusive Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Uzbekistan’s Transition Economy’, Cogent Business & Management, 13 (2026) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2026.2621453
Kim, Jongwoo, Hongil Kim and Youngjung Geum, ‘How to Succeed in the Market? Predicting Startup Success Using a Machine Learning Approach’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193 (2023), 122614 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122614
Kryvoi, Yarik, ‘Definition of Foreign Investors and Protected Investments: A Comparative Analysis’, in Springer Studies in Law & Geoeconomics (Springer Cham, 2024), pp. 165–86 https://doi.org/10.1007/17280_2024_25
Kuckertz, Andreas and Alexander Brem, ‘Supporting Innovation and Growth through Entrepreneurship: Reflections on the German Federal Government’s “Startup Strategy”’, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 12 (2023), 197–208 https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-03-2023-0026
Kurpayanidi, Konstantin, ‘TECHNOLOGICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UZBEKISTAN’, Iqtisodiy Taraqqiyot va Tahlil, 3 (2025), 51–56 https://doi.org/10.60078/2992-877X-2025-vol3-iss2-pp51-56
Laksmana, I Nyoman Hendra and I Putu Hendika Permana, ‘Legal Challenges for Digital Startup Development in Indonesia’, Journal of Digital Law and Policy, 2 (2023), 71–80 https://doi.org/10.58982/jdlp.v2i2.312
Leal, Marisa, Carmem Leal and Rui Silva, ‘The Involvement of Universities, Incubators, Municipalities, and Business Associations in Fostering Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Promoting Local Growth’, Administrative Sciences, 13 (2023), 245 https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13120245
Martínez-Cañas, Ricardo, Pablo Ruiz-Palomino, Juan José Jiménez-Moreno and Jorge Linuesa-Langreo, ‘Push versus Pull Motivations in Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Risk and Opportunity Recognition’, European Research on Management and Business Economics, 29 (2023), 100214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2023.100214
Martins de Souza, Adriano, Fabio Neves Puglieri and Antonio Carlos de Francisco, ‘Competitive Advantages of Sustainable Startups: Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Directions’, Sustainability, 16 (2024), 7665 https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177665
Martynova, Ekaterina and Andrey Shcherbovich, ‘Digital Transformation in Russia: Turning from a Service Model to Ensuring Technological Sovereignty’, Computer Law & Security Review, 55 (2024), 106075 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106075
Masharipov, Javohir and Ulugbek Khasanov, ‘“Uzbekistan-2030”: A Dual Pursuit of Economic Diplomacy and Regional Integration for Sustainable Development in Central Asia’, Journal of Central Asian Studies, 23 (2025) https://doi.org/10.52536/3006-807X.2025-3.004
Maulana, Abdullah Muslich Rizal, Farhah, Fadhillah Rachmawati and Annisa Syifa Mulya, ‘From Digital Religion to Digital Islam: Finding God in the Society 5.0 through Maqāsīd Sharī’ah’, Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 11 (2026), 3–26 https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v11i1.11066
Mazzoni, Leonardo and Silvia Rita Sedita, ‘Unpacking the Drivers of the Socio-Environmental Sustainability of New Ventures: Insights from Innovative Digital Start-Ups in Italy’, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 21 (2025), 16 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-01019-8
Md., Mst Tonnima Akter Sonia, Jahidul Islam Khan Jesan, Eny Akter, Mahedi Hasan Dipu and Jayed; Kazi Abdul Mannan, ‘Intellectual Property Rights in Commercial Law: Legal Safeguards for Start- Ups and Entrepreneurs’, International Research Journal of Business and Social Science, 11 (2025) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16920656
Mohammadi, Navid and Shaghayegh Sakhteh, ‘Start-up Accelerator Value Chain: A Systematic Literature Review’, Management Review Quarterly, 73 (2023), 661–94 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00257-2
Nuryanto, Ahmad Dwi, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas and Bukhadyrov Habibullo, ‘The Imperative of Social Justice on the Insolvency and Workers’ Wage’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2 (2024), 209–32 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i3.48
Olek, Krystian, ‘Startups and Lean Startup Approach in Building Innovative Companies Creating Unique Market Values – Theoretical Considerations’, Procedia Computer Science, 225 (2023), 3745–53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.370
Orozco, David, ‘Innovation Stakeholders: Developing a Sustainable Paradigm to Integrate Intellectual Property and Corporate Social Responsibility’, American Business Law Journal, 61 (2024), 211–37 https://doi.org/10.1111/ablj.12249
Panabergenova, Jamilya, Mambetbay Tleumuratov and Sharafatdin Shamshetov, ‘Legal Aspects of Implementing Artificial Intelligence Systems in the Management of Energy Supply Companies in the Republic of Uzbekistan: Regulatory Challenges and Development Prospects’, in AIP Conference Proceedings (AIP Publishing, 2025), p. 030065 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0305916
Paoloni, Paola and Giuseppe Modaffari, ‘Business Incubators vs Start-Ups: A Sustainable Way of Sharing Knowledge’, Journal of Knowledge Management, 26 (2022), 1235–61 https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-12-2020-0923
Pardo-del-Val, Manuela, Elvira Cerver-Romero, Juan Francisco Martinez-Perez and Antonia Mohedano-Suanes, ‘From Startup to Scaleup: Public Policies for Emerging Entrepreneurial Ecosystems’, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16 (2024), 7874–7907 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02175-6
Pedraza-Rodríguez, José A, Andrea Ruiz-Vélez, M Isabel Sánchez-Rodríguez and Manuel Fernández-Esquinas, ‘Management Skills and Organizational Culture as Sources of Innovation for Firms in Peripheral Regions’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191 (2023), 122518 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122518
Poddar, Abhijit and SR Rao, ‘Evolving Intellectual Property Landscape for AI-Driven Innovations in the Biomedical Sector: Opportunities in Stable IP Regime for Shared Success’, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1372161
Polat, Gülçin, ‘A Dynamic Business Model for Turkish Techno Parks: Looking through the Lenses of Service Perspective and Stakeholder Theory’, Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 13 (2022), 244–72 https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2020-0170
Prasetyo, Dedy Ardian, Fuad Shehab Shyyab and Rahimah Embong, ‘The Impact of Human Rights Principles on the Criminal Act of Caning: Asymmetric Decentralization Insight’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5 (2025), 60–90 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.528
Pricopoaia, Oana, Andreea Valentina Busila, Nicoleta Cristache, Irina Susanu and Cosmin Matis, ‘Challenges for Entrepreneurial Innovation: Startups as Tools for a Better Knowledge-Based Economy’, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20 (2024), 969–1010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00923-9
Putri, Fatma Ayu Jati and Jasurbek Rustamovich Ehsonov, ‘The Impact of Land Reform Policies on the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Local Communities’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4 (2024), 510–37 https://doi.org/10.53955/JHCLS.V4I2.197
Raita Varia, Amad Sudiro, Mella Ismelina F. Rahayu and Tolib Turgun Ugli Rakhmonov, ‘Effectiveness of Online Single Submission Policy for Faster Land Transactions Compliance’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 5 (2025), 865–96 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i3.781
Redondo-Rodríguez, Lola, Diana C Pérez-Bustamante Yábar and Eloísa Díaz-Garrido, ‘Impact of Technological Innovation on Digital Entrepreneurship and the Effects on the Economy’, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 19 (2023), 1501–26 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00873-2
Ressin, Marat, ‘Start-Ups as Drivers of Economic Growth’, Research in Economics, 76 (2022), 345–54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2022.08.003
van Rijnsoever, Frank J, ‘Intermediaries for the Greater Good: How Entrepreneurial Support Organizations Can Embed Constrained Sustainable Development Startups in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems’, Research Policy, 51 (2022), 104438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104438
Rizvanović, Belma, Aneesh Zutshi, Antonio Grilo and Tahereh Nodehi, ‘Linking the Potentials of Extended Digital Marketing Impact and Start-up Growth: Developing a Macro-Dynamic Framework of Start-up Growth Drivers Supported by Digital Marketing’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186 (2023), 122128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122128
Robbani, Anila, Raffy Arnanda Faturrohman and Ahmad Hananul Amin, ‘Optimization of Income Tax Revenue in Land and Building Rights Transfer Transactions’, Journal of Justice Dialectical, 2 (2024), 28–42 https://doi.org/10.70720/jjd.v2i2.38
Rohendi, Acep, Asriani Asriani and Dona Budi Kharisma, ‘Regulation for Startups in Indonesia: Problems and Recommendations’, Cogent Business & Management, 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2276993
Santa‐Maria, Tomas, Nicole Dougnac, Leandro J Llorente‐González and Martin Geissdoerfer, ‘From Challenges to Impact: Drivers, Barriers, and Shared Resources in Sustainability‐Oriented Corporate‐Startup Alliances’, Business Strategy and the Environment, 34 (2025), 7488–7516 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.4341
Sevilla-Bernardo, Javier, Blanca Sanchez-Robles and Teresa C Herrador-Alcaide, ‘Success Factors of Startups in Research Literature within the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem’, Administrative Sciences, 12 (2022), 102 https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030102
Shinozaki, Shigehiro, ‘Do Digitalization and Digital Finance Help Small Firms Survive Global Economic Uncertainty in Central and West Asia? Evidence from Rapid Surveys’, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 10696 https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310696
Silva, Jeovan and Tomas Aquino Guimaraes, ‘Clashes and Agreements between Regulatory Agencies and Courts: The Influence on Regulatory Governance’, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 90 (2024), 529–45 https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523231210478
Silva Junior, Claudio Roberto, Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk, Alvaro Luiz Neuenfeldt Júnior, Lucas Veiga Ávila and Rosley Anholon, ‘Assessing the Competitiveness of Emerging Startup Ecosystems through a Multi-Criteria Approach’, Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 2026, 1–31 https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2025-0347
Skandalis, Konstantinos S and Dimitra Skandali, ‘Unlocking Entrepreneurship in the FinTech Era: The Role of Tax Compliance in Business Performance’, FinTech, 4 (2025), 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech4020012
Smagulova, Gulnur and Marcus Goncalves, ‘Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) as a Tool for Sustainable Development of EdTech Startups in Developing Countries: A Case of the Republic of Kazakhstan’, Journal of Transnational Management, 28 (2023), 74–100 https://doi.org/10.1080/15475778.2023.2223471
Sood, Kiran, Mansur Barkhudarov and Aysel Garagozova, ‘A Comparative Analysis of Digital Entrepreneurship via Startups in the South Caucasus and Central Asian Countries’, UNEC Journal of Economics and Management Advances, 1 (2025) https://doi.org/10.30546/900510.2025.02.131
Sudaryana, Sonny Hendra, Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo and Agus Windrarto, ‘A Systematic Literature Review of Digital Startup Business Dynamics and Policy Interventions’, Cogent Business & Management, 12 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2440636
Suleimenov, Nariman, Bakhytbek Begaliyev, Yernar Begaliyev, Almaz Yechshanov and Bulatbek Shnarbayev, ‘Legal Framework for the Protection of Entrepreneurs’ Rights’, Review of Law & Economics, 20 (2024), 157–73 https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2022-0045
Sunday Tubokirifuruar Tula, Onyeka Chrisanctus Ofodile, Chinwe Chinzo Okoye, Adeola Olushola Ajayi Nifise and Olubusola Odeyemi, ‘ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS IN THE USA: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW WITH EUROPEAN MODELS’, International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6 (2024), 451–66 https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i2.799
Syahlan, Syahlan, ‘Effective and Efficient Synchronization in Harmonization of Regulations Indonesia’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 1 (2021) https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v1i1.7
Szerb, László, Zoltan J Acs, Stefan Apostol, Esteban Lafuente and Judit Szakos, ‘The Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Index: Concept and Measurement’, Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 22 (2026), 233–317 https://doi.org/10.1108/FTENT-07-2025-0142
Tolliyevna, Karajanova Gulnoza, ‘The Role and Development Trends of Venture Funds in the Innovative Development of the Economy: Uzbekistan and International Experience’, American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 7 (2024), 1164–69 https://doi.org/10.31150/ajebm.v7i11.3074
Turksen, Umut, Vladlena Benson and Bogdan Adamyk, ‘Legal Implications of Automated Suspicious Transaction Monitoring: Enhancing Integrity of AI’, Journal of Banking Regulation, 25 (2024), 359–77 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41261-024-00233-2
Umarova, Karligash and Yernazar Kalimbetov, ‘Administrative and Legal Aspects of Protecting Entrepreneurs’ Rights in the Context of Reforming the Electricity Supply System of the Republic of Uzbekistan: Analysis of Current Problems and Prospects for Improving Legislation’, in AIP Conference Proceedings (AIP Publishing, 2025), p. 030064 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0305917
Umbreen, Javaria, Shahbaz Abbas, Yasir Ahmad, Afshan Naseem and Muhammad Zeeshan Mirza, ‘Is Quality of Service along with Stakeholder Interdependencies Imperative for the Socially Sustainable Digital Startups?’, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 43 (2026), 101–32 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-01-2024-0005
Wang, Shumin, Odenyazova Maysa, Saira Bashir Dar, Anwar Saeed and Kseniia Novikova, ‘Navigating AI in Central Asia: Legal Systems, Free Economic Zones, and Global Partnerships’, International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration, 9 (2025), 52–78 https://doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v9n3.08
Wickramaarachchige, Mahesh Wickramarachchi, Larissa Statsenko, Jose Jorge Ochoa, Wolfgang Mayer and Nicholas Chileshe, ‘Critical Enablers for the Development of Sectoral Innovation Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework’, Cogent Business & Management, 11 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2414858
Yakovenko, Nataliya V., Zhanar S Rakhimbekova, Natalia A Azarova, Tatyana B Klimova, Ainur A Ashimova, Marina Ye Tsoy, and others, ‘Structural Contrasts and Potential of Complementarity of National Innovation Systems of Russia and Kazakhstan in the Context of EAEU Integration’, Sustainability, 18 (2026), 1753 https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041753
Yu, Xihua, Ning Cao and Hao Ren, ‘The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Sustainable Innovation Capabilities of New Ventures: From the Perspective of Ambidextrous Learning’, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 9026 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119026
Zarra, Antonella, ‘Experimentalism beyond Ex Ante Regulation: A Law and Economics Perspective on AI Regulatory Sandboxes’, Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance, 2 (2026), e1 https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.10039
Zhang, Lin and Elaine Jingyan Yuan, ‘Entrepreneurs in China’s “Silicon Valley”: State-Led Financialization and Mass Entrepreneurship/Innovation’, Information, Communication & Society, 26 (2023), 286–303 https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2155486
Zhang, Xinpei and Gaofeng Yi, ‘Start-Ups and Innovation Ecosystem in China’, Science, Technology and Society, 29 (2024), 54–74 https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218231215379
Zhang, Yizhi and Muhammad Bilawal Khaskheli, ‘The Role of Digital Technologies in Advancing Sustainable Economic Development into Intersections of Policy, Law, Environmental Economics, and a Comparative Study of China, the EU, and the USA’, Sustainability, 17 (2025), 8666 https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198666
Ziakis, Christos, Maro Vlachopoulou and Konstantinos Petridis, ‘Start-Up Ecosystem (StUpEco): A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Research’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8 (2022), 35 https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010035